Furthermore, recent clinical studies have demonstrated that violet–blue light, particularly 405 nm light, has significant antimicrobial properties against a wide range of bacterial and fungal pathogens and, although germicidal efficacy is lower than UV light, this limitation is offset by its facility for safe, continuous use in occupied and unoccupied environments. As a supplement to standard cleaning practices, violet-blue light is an effective anti-bacterial and anti-fungal against a wide variety of bacterial and fungal pathogens including but not limited to following: